Puspita Sari, Lusi Karlina Watiningsih, Boy Arief Fachri, Mukhammad Fauzi, Suratsi Sutarsi, Rayya Rumaisha-Zuhriansyah
Abstract
Propolis contains natural polyphenolic compounds with various biological activities, however, its application is limited due to low water solubility, instability in an aqueous medium, and low absorption rate in the body. The solution to overcome these drawbacks is to create nanoparticles of propolis extract. In this study, we encapsulated propolis extract in nanoparticles (propolis extract-loaded nanoparticles, PE-NP) using low/medium molecular weights of chitosan (LMW/MMW) and cross-linker sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) by ionic/ionotropic gelation method as wall materials. We examined the physical characteristics (pH, turbidity, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential) and antioxidative properties of PE-NP prepared with the different molecular weights of chitosan, various concentrations of chitosan, and different volumes of propolis extracts. The resulting PE-NP revealed low encapsulation efficiency (23.937 - 41.192%) and pH in the range of 3.9 - 4.8. PE-NP also presented antioxidant capacity that was contributed by polyphenolic compounds in propolis extract. The suspension of PE-NP had a particle size of 350.000 - 488.280 nm with PDI values higher than 0.3 (heterogeneous dispersion), and positive zeta potential (39.340 - 48.200 mV), resulting in stable nanoparticles. The PE-NP produced can be used as functional ingredients in the food industry due to their antioxidative property.
[This article has been officially retracted upon the request of the author]
Retraction
The article has been retracted upon the author's request.
Full Text:
References
Y. Nakajima, K. Tsuruma, M. Shimazawa, S. Mishima, and H. Hara, “Comparison of bee products based on assays of antioxidant capacities,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 9(4), pp. 1–9, 2009.
N. Segueni, A. Zellagui, F. Moussaoui, M. Lahouel, and S. Rhouati, “Flavonoids from Algerian propolis,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 9(1), pp. S425–S428, 2016.
J. M. Sforcin and V. Bankova, “Propolis: Is there a potential for the development of new drugs?,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 133, pp. 253–260, 2011.
E. Gregoris and R. Stevanato, “Correlations between polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Venetian propolis,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 48(1), pp. 76-82, 2010.
V. Zaccaria, V. Curti, A. Di Lorenzo, A. Baldi, C. Maccario, S. Sommatis, R. Mocchi, and M. Daglia, “Effect of green and brown propolis extracts on the expression levels of microRNAs, mRNAs and proteins, related to oxidative stress and inflammation,” Nutrients, vol. 9(10), pp. 1–17, 2017.
N. Vera, E. Solorzano, R. Ordoñez, L. Maldonado, E. Bedascarrasbure, and M. I. Isla, “Chemical composition of Argentinean propolis collected in extreme regions and its relation with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 6(6), pp. 823–827, 2011.
X. Wang, K. Sankarapandian, Y. Cheng, S. O. Woo, H. W. Kwon, H. Perumalsamy, and Y-J. Ahn, “Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 16, pp. 1–12, 2016.
A. E. Z. Hasan, D. Mangunwidjaja, T. C. Sunarti, O. Suparno, and A. Setiyono, “Investigating the antioxidant and anticytotoxic activities of propolis collected from five regions of Indonesia and their abilities to induce apoptosis,” Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 26(5), pp. 390–398, 2014.
T. G. do Nascimento, C. P. de Almeida, M. M. da Conceiçao, A. dos Santos Silva, L. M. de Almeida, and J. M. D. de Freitas, “Caseinates loaded with Brazilian red propolis extract: Preparation, protein-flavonoids interaction, antioxidant and antibacterial activities,“ Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 147(2), pp. 1329–1343, 2022.
C. Jansen-Alves, F. D. Krumreich, G. P. Zandon´ a, M. A. Gularte, C. D. Borges, and R. C. Zambiazi, “Production of propolis extract microparticles with concentrated pea protein for application in food,” Food and Bioprocess Technology, 12 (5), 729–740, 2019.
I. A. Justino, et al., “Brazilian red propolis extract free and encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles against ovarian cancer: Formulation, characterization and biological assays in 2D and 3D models,” J. Pharmacy Pharmacol., vol. 75(6), pp. 806–818, 2023.
S. Afrasiabi, M. Pourhajibagher, N. Chiniforush, and A. Bahador, “Propolis nanoparticle enhances the potency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans in a synergistic manner,” Scientific Reports – Nature Research, vol. 10:15560, pp. 1-16, 2020.
F. Shahab Navaei and A. Asoodeh, “Synthesis of optimized propolis solid lipid nanoparticles with desirable antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties,” Scientific Reports, vol. 13:18290, pp. 1-14, 2023.
D. H. Kim, E. W. Jeong, B. Baek, and H. G. Lee, “Development of propolis extract-loaded nanoparticles with chitosan and hyaluronic acid for improving solubility and stability,” LWT-Food Science and Technology, vol. 181, pp. 114738, 2023.
F. Kazemi, A. Divsalar, A. A. Saboury, and A. Seyedarabi, “Propolis nanoparticles prevent structural changes in human hemoglobin during glycation and fructation,” Colloids Surf B. Biointerfaces, vol. 177, pp. 188-195, 2019.
R. A. Petros and J. M. DeSimone, “Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 9, pp. 615–627, 2010.
A. Kumari, S. K. Yadav, and S. C. Yadav, “Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 75, pp. 1-18, 2010.
K. G. H. Desai, “Chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionotropic gelation: An overview of recent advances,” Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, vol. 33, pp. 107–158, 2016.
S. A. Agnihotri, N. N. Mallikarjuna, and T. M. Aminabhavi, “Recent advances on chitosan-based micro-and nanoparticles in drug delivery,” Journal of controlled release, vol. 100 (303), pp. 5–28, 2004.
W. Fan, W. Yan, Z. Xu, and H. Ni, “Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique,” Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 90, pp. 21–27, 2012.
P. Calvo, C. Remuñán-López, J. L. Vila-Jato, and M. J. Alonso, “Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 63, pp. 125–132, 1997.
W-L. Du, S-S. Niu, Y-L. Xu, Z. R. Xu, and C. L. Fan, “Antibacterial activity of chitosan tripolyphosphate nanoparticles loaded with various metal ions,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 75, pp. 385–389, 2009.
A. Alishahi, A. Mirvaghefi, M. R. Tehrani, H. Farahmand, S. A. Shojaosadati, F. A. Dorkoosh, and M. Z. Elsabee, “Shelf life and delivery enhancement of vitamin C using chitosan nanoparticles,” Food Chemistry, vol. 126, pp. 935–940, 2011.
O. Cota-Arriola, M. O. Cortez-Rocha, A. Burgos-Hernandez, J. M. Ezquerra-Brauer, and M. Plascencia-Jatomea, “Controlled release matrices and micro/nanoparticles of chitosan with antimicrobial potential: development of new strategies for microbial control in agriculture,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 93, pp. 1525–1536, 2013.
Y. Aktaş, K. Andrieux, M. J. Alonso, P. Calvo, R. N. Gürsoy, P. Couvreur, and Y. Capan, “Preparation and in vitro evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles containing a caspase inhibitor,” International journal of pharmaceutics, vol. 298, pp. 378–383, 2005.
H. Jonassen, A-L. Kjøniksen, and M. Hiorth, “Effects of ionic strength on the size and compactness of chitosan nanoparticles,” Colloid Polym. Sci., vol. 290, pp. 919–929, 2012.
M. L. Tsai, S. W. Bai, and R. H. Chen, “Cavitation effects versus stretch effects resulted in different size and polydispersity of ionotropic gelation chitosan–sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticle,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 71, pp. 448–457, 2008.
P. Opanasopit, A. Apirakaramwong, T. Ngawhirunpat, T. Rojanarata, and U. Ruktanonchai, “Development and characterization of pectinate micro/nanoparticles for gene delivery,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 9, pp. 67–74, 2008.
H. Liu and C. Gao, “Preparation and properties of ionically cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles, Polym. Adv. Technol., vol. 20, pp. 613–619, 2009.
H-C. Yang and M-H. Hon, “The effect of the molecular weight of chitosan nanoparticles and its application on drug delivery,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 92, pp. 87–91, 2009.
K. A. M. O'Callaghan and J. P. Kerry, “Preparation of low- and medium-molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles and their antimicrobial evaluation against a panel of microorganisms, including cheese-derived cultures,” Food Control, vol. 69, pp. 256–261, 2016.
A. Parolia, H. Kumar, S. Ramamurthy, F. Davamani, and A. Pau, “Effectiveness of chitosan-propolis nanoparticle against Enterococcus faecalis bioflms in the root canal, BMC Oral Health, vol. 20, pp. 1-14, 2020.
S. M. Cottica, H. Sabik, C. Antoine, J. Fortin, N. Graveline, J. V. Visentainer, and M. Britten, “Characterization of Canadian propolis fractions obtained from two-step sequential extraction, LWT-Food Science and Technology, vol. 60, pp. 609–614, 2015.
X. W. Li, D. K. L. Lee, A. S. C. Chan, and H. O. Alpar, “Sustained expression in mammalian cells with DNA complexed with chitosan nanoparticles,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression, vol. 1630, pp. 7–18, 2003.
D. Eratte, B. Wang, K. Dowling, C. J. Barrow, and B. P, Adhikari, “Complex coacervation with whey protein isolate and gum arabic for the microencapsulation of omega-3 rich tuna oil,” Food and Function, vol. 5, pp. 2743-2750, 2014.
A. K. Sahu, T. Kumar, and V. Jain, “Formulation optimization of erythromycin solid lipid nanocarrier using response surface methodology,” BioMed Research International,pp. 1–8, 2014.
K. A. Janes, M. P. Fresneau, A. Marazuela, A. Fabra, and M. J. Alonso, “Chitosan nanoparticles as delivery systems for doxorubicin,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 73, pp. 255–267, 2001.
A. L. Waterhouse, Determination of Total Phenolics, In R. E. Wrolstad, T. E. Acree, E. A. Decker, M. H. Penner, D. S. Reid, S. J. Schwartz, C. F. Shoemaker, D. Smith, and P. Sporns, ed., Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry: Pigments, Colorants, Flavors, Texture, and Bioactive Food Components. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2002.
F-A. Chen, A-B. Wu, P. Shieh, D-H. Kuo, and C-Y. Hsieh, “Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Ruellia tuberose,” Food Chemistry, vol. 94, pp. 14–18, 2006.
G. Janarny, K. K. D. S. Ranaweera, and K. D. P. P. Gunathilake, “Response surface optimization of extraction parameters for enhanced phenolic extraction and antioxidant activity from Cassia fistula flowers,” International Journal on Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, vol. 4(1), pp. 1-9, 2023.
S. Mao, W. Sun, and T. Kissel, “Chitosan-based formulation for delivery of DNA and siRNA,” Advanced Drug Delivery System, vol. 62, pp. 12–27, 2009.
H. C. Yang and M. H. Hon, “The effect of the molecular weight of chitosan nanoparticles and its application on drug delivery,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 92, pp. 87–91, 2009.
M. J. Matteson, R. L. Dobson, R. W. Glenn, N. S. Kukunoor, W. H. Waits, and E. J. Clayfield, “Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous suspensions of ultrafine particles,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 104(1), pp. 101–109, 1995.
V. Bankova, M. Popova, S. Bogdanov, and A. G. Sabatini, “Chemical composition of European propolis: Expected and unexpected results,” Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C Journal of Biosciences, vol. 57, pp. 530–533, 2002.
O. Kammona and K. Costas, “Recent advances in nanocarrier-based mucosal delivery of biomolecules,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 161, pp. 781–794, 2012.
Q. Tan, W. Liu, C. Guo, and G. Zhai, “Preparation and evaluation of quercetin loaded lecithin chitosan nanoparticles for topical delivery,” International Journal Nanomed, vol. 6, pp. 1621–1630, 2011.
R. Stoica, R. Somoghi, and R. M. Ion, “Preparation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for the encapsulation of polyphenols extracted from Rose Hips,” Journal of nanomaterials and biostructures, vol. 8(3), pp. 955 – 963, 2013.
Nastiti and P. Siahan, “Pengaruh berat molekul kitosan terhadap efisiensi enkapsulasi BSA (bovine serum albumin) menggunakan agen crosslink Na-TPP,” Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, vol. 18(3), pp. 104–109, 2015.
C. Y. Hui and M. H. Hon, “The effect of the molecular weight of chitosan nanoparticles and its application on drug delivery,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 92(1), pp. 87–91, 2009.
Y. Wu, W. Yang, C. Wang, J. Hu, and S. Fu, “Chitosan nanoparticles as a novel delivery system for ammonium glycyrrhizinate,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 295, pp. 235–245, 2005.
L. M. H. Nadia, P. Suptijah, and B. Ibrahim, “Produksi dan karakterisasi nano kitosan dari cangkang udang windu dengan metode gelasi ionik,” JPHPI, vol. 17(2), 2014.
R. B. H. Hariyanto, “Penentuan kandungan fenolik, flavonoid dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak propolis Trigona sp,” Skripsi unpublished. Surabaya: Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 2017.
I. G. D. Nascimento, P. F. D. Silva, L. F. Azevedo, L. G. D. Rocha, I. C. C. D. M. Porto, T. F. A. L. Moura, I. D. B. Júnior, L. A. M. Grillo, E. D. J. Jesus, O. Camila, B. Dornelas, A. T. Zhang, E. J. D. S. Fonseca, and D. W. Watson, “Polymeric nanoparticles of Brazilian red propolis extract: Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and leishmanicidal activity,” Nanoscale Research Letters, vol. 11, pp. 301, 2016.
C. I. I. P. Buzea, Blandino, and K. Robbie, “Nanomaterial and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity, Biointerphases, vol. 2, pp. MR170-MR172, 2007.
W. Lu, Y. Lou, G. Chang, and X. Sun, “Synthesis of functional SiO2-coated grape oxide nanosheets decorated with Ag nanoparticles for H2O2 and glucose detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 26(12), pp. 4791–4797, 2011.
M. R. Avadi, M. M. S. Assal, M. Nasser, A. Saideh, A. Fatemeh, D. Rassoul, and R. Moreza, “Preparation and characterization of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and arabic gum with ionic gelation method,” Nanomedicine; Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol. 6(1), pp. 58–63, 2010.
Nanocomposix, Nanocomposix’s Guide to Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement and Analysis, vol. 1.3. San Diego: NanoComposix, 2012.
M. Kouchak, M. Avadi, M. Abbaspour, A. Jahangiri, and S. Boldaji, “Effect of different molecular weights of chitosan on preparation and characterization of insulin loaded nanoparticles by ion gelation method,” International Journal Drug Development and Research, vol. 4(2), pp. 271–277, 2012.
[This article has been officially retracted upon the request of the author]
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v5i4.298
There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.