Ecological Risk Assessment of Consuming Vegetables Exposed To Heavy Metals From Hairdressing Salon

 Abstract

This study is focused on the impact of improper disposal of hair dressing contaminated water on farmland within different communities. Presence of different heavy metals were detected at Ohofia and Isiukwuto communities while, Talinum triangulare and Telfairer occindentalis were planted in the soil obtained from sampling sites. Health risk, ecological risk and bioaccumulation factor was estimated on the plants. Different heavy metals were accumulated in the plants. However, iron was highest in both T. triangulare and T. occidentalis with value of 109.92 and 48.84 respectively. The bioaccumulation factor of plants was in this order Fe < Cd< Mn < Cr < Zn < Ni < Cu < As < Pb < Hg respectively. Besides, Fe is considered to be of high ecological risk concerns (160 ≤ Eir < 320). While, the health risk showed that the ten heavy metals detected exceeded the non-carcinogenic risk (I.e. THQ >1) though, in Isiukwuato Fe appears to have highest THQ (target hazard quotient). The ecological risk perceived in the assessment indicates that hair dressing salon waste contamination of arable soil and farmland is unsafe. Therefore, effective and safe method is required for proper discharge.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Adu, A.A., Aderinola, O.J., Mekuleyi, G.O. & Adebayo, P.O. (2020). Comparative assessment of heavy metals concentration in leaf, stem and root of water leaf (Talinum triangulare) (Jacq Willd, 1799) Grown on the soil of Cassidy’s Dumpsite and Farmland in Ojo, Lagos state. Journal of Medical Plant Studies, 8(3): 80-84.

Ahmad, K., Wajid, K., Khan, Z. I., Ugulu, I., Memoona, H., Sana, M., et al. (2019). Evaluation of Potential Toxic Metals Accumulation in Wheat Irrigated with Wastewater. Bull. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 102 (6), 822–828

Alsafran, M., Usman, K., Rizwan, M., Ahmed, T., and Al Jabri, H. (2021). The Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risks of Metal(oid)s Bioaccumulation in Leafy Vegetables: A Consumption Advisory. Front. Environ. Sci. 9, 742269.

Amusan, A., Ige, D., and Olawale R. (2005). Characteristics of soils and crops uptake of metals in municipal waste dump sites in Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 17(3):167-171.

Antoine, J. M. R., Fung, L. A. H., and Grant, C. N. (2017). Assessment of the Potential Health Risks Associated with the Aluminium, Arsenic, Cadmium and lead Content in Selected Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Jamaica. Toxicol. Rep. 4, 181–187

AOAC (2020). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Chemists. (21st ed.). USA: Arlington, Pp. 992 – 995.

Asim, N., Mohammed, A., Abdul, J.A.R., Hassan., Alhazmi, S.A., Javed, W.A., Zia, R., Rym, H., & Saad, S.A. (2023). Heavy metal contamination in leafy vegetables grown in Jazan region of Saudi Arabia: Assessment of possible health hazards. International Journal of Environmental Research and public health, 20(4):29-84.

Batty, L.C., & Younger, P.L. (2003). Effect of external Iron concentration upon seedling growth and uptake of Fe and Phosphate by the Common Reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex. Steudel. National Center for Biotechnology Information,92(6): 801-806.

Blaylock, M., Salt, D. E., Dushenkov, S., Zakharova, O., Gussman, C., Kapulink, Y., Ensley, B. D., & Raslain, I. (1997). Enhanced accumulation of pH in Indian Mustard by soil applied chelating agent. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 860 – 865.

Cai, L.M.; Wang, Q.S.; Luo, J.; Chen, L.G.; Zhu, R.L.; Wang, S.; Tang, C.H. (2019). Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment for Children near a Large Cu-Smelter in Central China. Science Total and Environment 650, 725–733.

Dike Ijere, N, Okechukwu, R.I, Okereke, J.N, Mgbemena, I.C, Ogidi O.I. Bioaccumulation of PAHs and Heavy Metals by Waterleaf and Fluted Pumpkin Harvested in four Communities Around Hairdressing Salon Facilities in Abia State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, 6 (2022): 281-298.

Eteng, O.E., Enobong, J., Ekpo, G., Arikpo, I., Ekam, V., Abam, K., & Ubana, E. (2021). Heavy Metals Concentration in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis) Grown and Consumed in Camp-2 Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 25 (11): 1909-1914.

FAO & WHO (2011). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program. Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, 21 – 25.

Garcia-Rico L, Leyva-Perez J, Jara-Marini M.E. (2007). Content and daily intake of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and mercury from dietary supplements in Mexico. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 45:1599-1605.

Hakanson, L. (2015). An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control. Sedimentological Approach. Water Resource, 14: 975–1001.

Igboekwe, M.U. and Nwankwo, C.N. (2011). Geostatistical Correlation of Aquifer Potentials in Abia State, South-Eastern.International Journal of Geosciences, 541-548

Li, W. C., Ouyang, Y., & Yez, H. (2014). Accumulation of Mercury and Cadmium in rice from paddy soil near a mercury mine. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 33 (11), 2438 – 2447.

Li, X.Y.; Li, Z.G.; Lin, C.J.; Bi, X.Y.; Liu, J.L.; Feng, X.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; and Wu, T.T. (2018). Health Risks of Heavy Metal Exposure through Vegetable Consumption near a Large-Scale Pb/Zn Smelter in Central China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 161, 99–110.

Liu Shaode, W. D & Changle, Q.A. (1999). Preliminary study on the ability of mercury accumulation in vegetables. Chongqing Environmental Science, 48-50.

Liu, P., Hu, W., Tian, K., Huang, B., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., & Khim, J.S. (2020).Accumulation and ecologica risk of heavy metals in soils along the coastal areas of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea: A comparative study of China and South Korea. Environment and International, 137:105519.

Mayyadah S.A., Ahmed A.M., Mohammed A.A.(2024). Heavy metals in cosmetics and tattoos: a review of historical background, health impact, and regulatory limits. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 13: 101-109.

Mehrdad, R.R., Mehravar, R. R., Sohrab, K., Ali-akbar, M. (2017). Cadmium toxicity and treatment: An update. Caspian journal of International Medicine, 8(3):135-145

Nwogu, U. E., Udebuani, A. C., & Nicholas, U. T. (2022). Heavy metal contamination index, metal index and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon content of Ochani River in Ogoni, Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 31(9), 36–47.

Osundiya M.O., Ayejuyo, O.O., Olowu,R.A., Bamgboye O.A. & Ogunlola, A.O.(2014). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in frequently consumed leafy vegetable grown along Nigeria-Benin Seme Border, West Africa. Advances in Applied Science Research, 5(1):1-7

Petroczi, A., & Naughton, D.P. (2009): Mercury, cadmium and lead contamination in seafood: A comparative study to evaluate the usefulness of Target Hazard Quotients. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 47:298-302.

Rostami, S.. Kamani, H., Shahsavani, S., & Hoseini, M. (2021). Environmental monitoring and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soils. Human Ecology and Risk Assessment International Journal, 27: 392-404

Salama AK. (2015). Assessment of metals in cosmetics commonly used in Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(10): 553.

Tsafe AI; Hassan, LG; Sahabi, DM; Alhassan, Y; Bala BM (2012), Evaluation of Heavy Metals Uptake and Risk Assessment of Vegetables Grown in Yargalma of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Basic and Applied Science Research, 2(7): 6708-6714.

Ukachukwu, C.O., Udebuani, A.C., Ugwu, T.N. (2023). Comparative studies on exposure of edible vegetables to spent engine oil and PAH components. Journal of Environmental and Sustainability, 7(1): 65-80.

UNEP (2019). United Nations Environment Programme, Leaded Petrol Phased-Out Globally

USEPA (2010). United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations and Standard: Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated, fish and shellfish U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C; EPA-503/8-89-002.

USEPA (2018). Human Health Risk Assessment. In Regional Screening Level-Summary Table; United States Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA.

Volpe, M.G., Nazzaro, M., Coppola, R. (2012). Determination and assessments of selected heavy metals in eye shadow cosmetics from China, Italy, and USA. Microchem J, 101: 65–69.

WHO (2019). World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory: Regulations and Control on Lead Paint.

Yu, H., Li, J. & Luan, Y. (2018). Meta-analysis of soil mercury accumulation by vegetables. Scientific Report, 8: 126.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v6i4.579

Download .PDF (Mirror 1) |  Download .PDF (Mirror 2)

Refbacks

• There are currently no refbacks.

E-ISSN : 2722-4066

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.