Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the level of Cadmiuum (Cd) and Lead (Pb)  in cattle meat, offals, water and feed samples. The samples were obtained from Al Muwalih area (Omdurman locality- Sudan). Laboratory analysis was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Usually, animals are transported from theWestern region of Sudan to the capital city Khartoum, were after few months will be slaughtered for consumption. The highest concentration of Cd and Pb was observed in kidney and liver with a mean of 0.0302 ±0.003mg/g and 0.259± 0.008mg/g respectively. High levels of Cd and Pb were also detected in water and feed samples. It is thus important to supply safe feed for animals to safeguard animal health and reduce the risk of exposure of consumers to heavy metals.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aycicek M, Kaplan O, and Yaman M”.Effect of cadmium on germination, seedling growth and metal contents of sunflower: .Asian J Chem 20:pp2663-2672,.2008.

WHO, Cadmium, In: Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, Fifty-Fifth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) 2011.

Akan, J.C., Abdurrahman, F.I., Sodipo, O.A., and Chiroma. Y.A. “. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Liver, Kidney and Meat of Beef, Mutton, Caprine and Chicken from Kasuwan Shanu Market in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria.” Res J App Sci, Engin and Tech; 2(8), pp. 743-748 . 2010.

Akoto, O, Bortey-Sam, N., Nakayama, S.M.M., Ikenaka, Y., Baidoo, E., Yohannes, Y.B., Mizukawa, H and Ishizuka, M. “Distribution of Heavy Metals in Organs of Sheep and Goat Reared in Obuasi: A Gold Mining Town in Ghana”. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Toxic. Res. Vol. 2(2)pp:81-89.,2014

Arroyo, G., and Arroyo, J.A.,” Efficiency of different enrichment and isolation procedures for the detection of Salmonella serotypes in edible offal”. J. App1.Bacteriol. 79, pp360-367.,1995.

Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, and Hill K. “.The paradoxical nature of hunter gatherer diets: Meat-based, yet non atherogenic”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56(S1):S42,2002.

PMC, and Vicente AFR.. “ Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet”. Meat Science. 93(3):pp 586-592,2013.

Mahdieh R. “ Determination of some heavy metals concentration in species animal meat (sheep, beef, turkey, and ostrich) and carcinogenic health risk assessment in Kurdistan province, western Iran”. Research square .DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-407310/v1, 2020.

Ayar A, Sert D, and Akın N. “The trace metal levels in milk and dairy products consumed in middle Anatolia-turkey”. Environmental monitoring and assessment 152:112,2009.

Qin L-Q, Wang X-P, Li W, Tong X and Tong W-J.”The minerals and heavy metals in cow's milk from China and Japan”. Journal of health science 55:pp300-305,.2009.

Fathy A. Khalafalla, Fatma H. Ali, FrediSchwagele and Mariam A. Abd-El- Wahab, “. Heavy metal residues in beef carcasses in Beni-Seuf abattoir, Egypt”, VeterinariaItaliana; 47(3):pp 351-361,2011.

Binkowski, L.J. “The effect of material preparation on the dry weight used in trace elements determination in biological samples” .Fresenius Environ. Bull., 21:pp 1956-1960,2012

Okoye C. O. B. and Ugwu J. N.,” Impact of environmental cadmium, lead, copper and zinc on quality of goat meat in Nigeria”. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 133-138,2010.

Bernard. A.”Cadmium and its adverse effects on human health ,” Indian Journal of Medical Research. 128. pp. 557-564 .,2008.

Rubio C, González-Iglesias T, Revert C, Reguera JI, Gutiérrez AJ, and Hardisson A.”. Lead dietary intake in a Spanish Population (Canary Islands). “Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53pp:6543-6549.,2005

Abou-Arab, A.A.K.” Heavy metal contents in Egyptian meat and role of detergent washing on their levels”. Food and Chemical Toxicology39:pp593-599 ,2001

Ihedioha .J N. Okoye , COB . “Cadmium and Lead levels in muscles and edible offal of cow reared in Nigeria”. Department of Pure and Industrial chemistry , University of Nigeria ,Nsukka, Nigeria.2012

FAO/WHO . CXS 193-1995. Adopted in 1995 and amended in (2019) . General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. 47-49 .

Amra Colic ,Sejad Mackic ,Nihada Ahmetovic,Boris Antunovic, Aida Sukalic and Edisa Brkic. ‘ Human health risk assessment of cadmium from cattle meat and offal in Central Bosnia Canton”. Agricultural Conspectus Scientificus 82 (3) pp315 -320.,2019.

Keneth Iceland Kasozi, Yunusu Hamira, Gerald Zirintunda, Khalaf F. Alsharif ,Farag M. A. Altalbawy.”.Descriptive Analysis of Heavy Metals Content of Beef From EasternUganda and Their Safety for Public Consumption. Page 5-6. Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema, Uganda.2020.

Aljazzar, A., El-Ghareeb, W.R., Darwish, W.S. et al. “Content of total aflatoxin, lead, and cadmium in the bovine meat and edible offal: study of their human dietary intake, health risk assessment, and molecular biomarkers”. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 61225–61234 .,2021

Musa Yakubu, Nita Dyola , Emmanuel Andrew, Galo Yahaya Sara, Louis Hitler, Innocent Joseph “Determination of the Level of Heavy Metals in Liver and Kidney of Cow and Goat Used As Meat Source in Mubi Adamawa State “ Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria page 4-5.2017

Alaa Eldin Morshdy , Rasha M El Bayomi, Ghada M Abd El Galil , Abdalla Fa Mahmoud . ,” Heavy metal concentration and their risk assessment in marketed slaughtered animals in Sharkia Governorate,Egypt”.Slovenian Veterinary Research 55 . 2018

Biel, Ewa Czerniawska˛tkowska , Alicja Kowalczyk “Offal Chemical Composition from Veal, Beef, and Lamb Maintained in Organic Production Systems. Page 4-7.2019

Gulsanga, Zahin Anjum, Sahib Alam and Farhat Shehzad1 Heavy Metals and Mineral Contents of Beef Sold at University Campus, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.page 473-474. 2017.

Hillary – Frances Ladidi Gwani,Emmanuel Teryila Tyokumbur. ” Appraisal of heavy metals ( lead and cadmium) in muscles and internal organs of cattle slaughtered in Ibadan” . American Journal of Zoology: ( 1-5). 2019.

Vladimir Tomovic, Marija Jokanovic,Mila Tomovic ,Milana Lazovic, Branislav Soiic “ Cadmium and lead in female cattle livers and kidneys from Vojvodina. Northern Serbia”. Food additives and contaminants Part B 10 (1) 39 -43,2017.

Santhi D, Balakrishnan V, Kalaikannan A, Radhakrishnan KT “ Presence of heavy metals in pork products in Chennai (India)”. Am. J. Food Technol; 3(3), pp. 192-199,2008.

Blanco-Penedo JL, Benedito RF, Shore M, Miranda M, García V, López-Alonso M. “Influence of farm type (organic, conventional and intensive) on toxic metal accumulation in calves in NW Spain. Agron. Res. 7:578-584,2009.

Hayrunnisa ÖZLÜ1and Mustafa Atasever. “Effects of age and breed on trace elements content in cattle muscle and edible offal”.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 4 (2), pp157-163,2018.

Gálvez, F.; López-Alonso, M.; Herrero-Latorre, C.; Miranda, M.; Franco, D.; Lorenzo, J.M. “Chemometriccharacterization of the trace element profile of raw meat from Rubia Gallega x Holstein Friesian calves from an intensive system”. Meat Sci. 149, pp63–69.,2019.

Iketut Berata, Ninyoman Werdi Susari , I wayan Sudira, Kadek Karang Agusgtina” Level of lead contamination in the blood of Bali cattle associated with their age and geographical location “. Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Udayana.2021

Cygan-Szczegielniak, D., Stasiak, K “Effects of age and sex on the content of heavy metals in the hair, liver and the longissimus lumborum muscle of roe deer Capreolus capreolus L..” Environ Sci Pollut Res 29,pp 10782–10790, .2022

Garcia MHDM, Moren DH, Rodríguez FS, Beceiro AL, Álvarez LEF, López MP. “ Sex-and age dependent accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) in liver, kidney and muscle of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) from NW Spain. J Environ. Sci Health A 46(2):109–116,2011

Chabukdhara M., Gupta S.K., Kotecha Y. and Nema A.K. “ Groundwater quality in Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India: Multivariate and health risk assessment” Chemosphere, doi:10.1016/j .2017.

Arain M.B., Kazi T.G., Baig A., Afridi H.I., Brehman S.K.D., Panhwar H. and Arain S.” Coexposure of arsenic and cadmium through drinking water and tobacco smoking: Risk assessment on kidney dysfunction”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 350-357. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3339-0.,2014

Atta Rasool,Abida Farooqi,Tangfu Xiao,Sajid Masood,Muhammad Aqeel Kamran” Elevated levels of arsenic and trace metals in drinking water of Tehsil Mailsi, Punjab, Pakistan” Journal of Geochemical Exploration 169,pp 89-99.,2016

Salwa, M.E., Sara, A.M., Samia, H.A., Abdalla, E.B., Manal, Y.I., Samia, A.H., & Hala, E.A. “Heavy Metals Contaminants in Water and Fish from Four Different Sources in Sudan”. Journal of Infectious Diseases & Therapy. 4(275).,2016.

Fatima Siddig Musa, Abdelrahim Idris Abdelrahim and Hind Abd El aziz Elnasri “ Determination of Lead and Cadmium concentration in water used by food providers in Bahri Locality- Sudan “.EAS J Nutr Food Sci .2(2)33-38,2020.

Omer A.B.M.” Effect of Khartoum City for Water Quality of the River Nile”. Master Thesis, Department of Water and Environment Studies, Linkoping University, Linkopind Sweden.m2007.

Olcay K., Nuran C. Y., Numan Y., & Nilgun T. . “Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Samples of Tunceli, Turkey”, E - Journal of Chemistry, 8 (1), pp 276-280.,2011.

Krishna A.K. and Mohan K.R. “ Risk assessment of heavy metals and their source distribution in waters of a contaminated industrial site,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, pp3653–3669.2014.

Han, Z., Ma, H., Shi, G., He, L., Wei, L., Shi, Q., “A review of groundwater contamination near municipal solid waste landfill sites in China”. Sci. Total Environ. 569,1255–1264,2016.

Tayebi, L. and Sobhanardakani, S. “ Analysis of Heavy Metal Contents and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment through Consumption of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus).” Pollution, 6(1),pp59–67.2020.

Balli and Leghouchi. “ Assessment of lead and cadmium in groundwater sources used for drinking purposes in Jijel (Northeastern Algeria)” page 419-420 , Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Abderrahmane Mira of Bejaia, Algeria. 2018.

Mobarok Hossain, Pulak Kumar Patra “Contamination zoning and health risk assessment of trace elements in groundwater through geostatistical modeling”.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. V189 : 110038.,2020

Hamidreza Farimani Raad, Alireza Pardakhti and Hamidreza Kalarestaghi .” Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Ground Drinking Water Wells of Bandar Abbas “. School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, page 399-400.2021

Mohammad Saleh BakerHariri ,Ramadan Husain Abu-Zied,” Factors influencing heavy metal concentrations in the bottom sediments of the Al-Kharrar Lagoon and Salman Bay, eastern Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia” . Arabian Journal of geosciences11(17), 1-12. ,2018

Okonkwo, O. J.; Maribe, F.,” Assessment of lead exposure in Thohoyandou, South Africa. The Environmentalist 24: 171-178. 2004.

Landis WG, Ming-Ho Yu. “ Introduction to Environmental Toxicology; Impacts of Chemicals Upon Ecological System. “Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, LLC. pp. 221-223.2004.

Pinho S, Ladeiro B. “ Phytotoxicity by lead as heavy metal focus on oxidative stress”. J Botany . DOI: 10. 1155/ 2012/ 369572.2012.

Certini, G., Scalenghe, R., & Woods, W. I.”. The impact of warfare on the soil environment.” Earth-Science Reviews,127,pp. 1–15,2013.

Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, Gupta R. “. Heavy metals and living systems: An overview.” Indian journal of pharmacology 43:246,2011

Farid, S. and Baloch, M.K.,” Heavy metal ions in milk samples collected from animals feed with city effluent irrigated fodder.” Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(2), pp. 36-43.2012

Tangahu BJ, SR Sheikh Abdullah, H Basri, M Idris, N Anuar and M Mukhlisin,” A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation.” Int. J. Chem. Eng.pp, 1-312011.

Trujillo-González J, J Mahecha-Pulido, M Torres-Mora, E Brevik, S Keesstra and R Jiménez-Ballesta, (2017).Impact of potentially contaminated river water on agricultural irrigated soils in an equatorial climate.Agriculture, 7: 52.,2017

Q. Yang, L. Zhang, H. Wang, and J. D. Martín, “Bioavailability and health risk of toxic heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb and Cd) in urban soils: A Monte Carlo simulation approach,” Environmental Research, vol. 214, p. 113772, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113772.

G. M. Osiakwan, E. K. Appiah-Adjei, A. T. Kabo-Bah, A. Gibrilla, and G. Anornu, “Assessment of groundwater quality and the controlling factors in coastal aquifers of Ghana: An integrated statistical, geostatistical and hydrogeochemical approach,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 184, p. 104371, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104371.

G. I. Ogu, J. C. Igborgbor, U. E. Anana, and G. I. Ogu, “Chemical and microbiological quality of commercial fresh and frozen chicken drumstick in Umuhia, Nigeria,” International Journal on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 18–27, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.46676/ij-fanres.v3i3.113.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v4i2.153

Refbacks

• There are currently no refbacks.

E-ISSN : 2722-4066

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.